Haemorrhoids
Haemorrhoids — more commonly known as piles — are swollen and enlarged veins that develop in and around the lower rectum and anus. They are extremely common, affecting roughly one in three people at some point in their lives, and are nothing to be embarrassed about. There are two types: internal haemorrhoids, which form inside the rectum and are usually painless, and external haemorrhoids, which develop under the skin around the anal opening and can be considerably more uncomfortable.
What causes them?
Haemorrhoids develop when increased pressure is placed on the veins of the lower rectum. This most commonly happens as a result of straining during bowel movements, chronic constipation or diarrhoea, sitting on the toilet for long periods, a low-fibre diet, being overweight, and pregnancy — during which the growing uterus places significant pressure on the rectal veins. Ageing also plays a role, as the tissues supporting the veins naturally weaken over time.
Symptoms to look out for
The most common symptom is bright red blood on the toilet paper or in the toilet bowl after a bowel movement. Other symptoms include itching or irritation around the anal area, pain or discomfort — particularly when sitting — swelling around the anus, and a feeling that the bowel has not fully emptied. In some cases, a haemorrhoid may prolapse, meaning it protrudes through the anal opening.
Diagnosis and treatment
A doctor will usually diagnose haemorrhoids through a physical examination and, in some cases, a brief internal examination called a digital rectal exam or a proctoscopy. Most cases resolve on their own with simple lifestyle changes: eating a high-fibre diet, drinking plenty of water, avoiding prolonged sitting on the toilet, and using over-the-counter creams or suppositories to relieve discomfort. For persistent or more severe cases, procedures such as rubber band ligation, sclerotherapy, or surgical haemorrhoidectomy may be recommended.
Choosing where to be treated
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